‘Insofar as the senses show becoming, passing away, and change, they do not lie. But Heraclitus will remain eternally right with his assertion that being is an empty fiction. The “apparent” world is the only one: the “true” world is merely added by a lie’.
Friedrich Nietzsche, Twilight of the Idols
Sunyata, or Emptiness, is one of the ideas put forward by the 3rd-century Buddhist Mink, Nagarjuna; it’s considered one of the most critical Buddhist ideas and shaped the Mahayana lineage of Buddhist thought.
The basic message of Emptiness is that all of existence and the objects or things are empty of intrinsic nature or enduring existence.
It’s an idea that goes back to the Buddha, his lesson of Non-Self, Anatman/Anatta. What you think of yourself, which we label as self or ‘I’, ‘Me’ is an illusion, a narrative of ideas and beliefs. All phenomena, including your existence, dependently arise and are caused by or based on other phenomena.
Misunderstanding
Some have thought this notion of empty existence suggests a Nihilism, that nothing exists. But this is a misunderstanding that Nagarjuna explicitly refutes and points to a misunderstanding of his ideas.
Another mistake is thinking Sunyata is some basis of existence or reality, a bedrock. Nagarjuna also rejects this; Sunyata is not some primordial reality that’s the basis of this one. It’s a claim that doubts the belief there is a bedrock and any ideas to claim it.
Two Truths
I see bodhisattvas
Lotus Sutra (Kubo and Yuyama translation)
Who have perceived the essential character
Of all dharmas to be without duality,
Just like empty space.
I first started to understand Emptiness through the Ship of Theseus thought experiment, also known as the Sorites Paradox or the Fallacy of the Heap.
Consider any object or thing; if you keep replacing its parts, at what point does it no longer remain as that same thing? Say, for example, a car; if all the parts are replaced, there’s nothing left of the original, is it the same car?
There is no part where we can say this is the essence of the car. A noteworthy point is the parts are made up of smaller parts. You can keep drilling down into smaller and smaller pieces, but you’ll never find a part that doesn’t change. It applies to all things even our very thoughts, experiences and ideas.
This is the Two Truth Doctrine of Nagarjuna. There are activities going on here, the changing interconnected reality, and the ideas we use to discuss it.
Language of the Void
‘The language is hard to grasp because it’s pointing to is not graspable.’
The idea of Anatman and Sunyata is challenging because it goes against our typical mental activity. Western philosophical thought is based upon essences; the Atomos (Greek: uncuttable or undivided). There is the personal Atomos, a Soul, Self the essence of existence.
It’s hard to understand because it uses the language of absence, a statement that explains what’s not there, void, a lack of existence. When we seek to live by grasping for an answer, for understanding, what exists, what’s true. But Sunyata is saying there are no answers.
Working with the notion of absence seems odd, but we talk about it in many areas.
We denote absence with words like—Asymptomatic, Amoral, Atheism and Anatman. It’s like the hole in a doughnut. ‘The doughnut has a hole’, but how can a doughnut have something that’s not there? Instead is the absence of a doughnut. The Japanese term Mu, has many meanings but also denotes an absence. (The Chinese use Wu). Mujō (無常) means ‘impermanence’. Mushin means ‘No mind’.
Sunyata is like the Free From section of your supermarket; it's free of gluten, dairy, peanuts, and everything, including a self or essence. It's the ultimate non-allergenic existence.
The point of this negative, privation language is to undercut our reflex activity of clinging, which leads to suffering.
The Art of Emptiness
Reality can’t be grasped, only experienced.
Consider a Jackson Pollock drip painting. There is something there, but the image depicts nothing discernible. No pattern or form we recognise, no message to grasp and understand. In the something (painting) there’s is nothing (no emptiness). The painting is therefore empty, of essence.
Instead of emptiness as chaos, think of it as the emptiness of absence, like Black Square by Kazimir Malevich or a Mark Rothko field painting. Same again there’s no depiction, no form, no object to assess, and understand.
Sunyata is often compared to void, space, the sky, a complete openness, or ‘unobstructedness’, a boundlessness. This emptiness is the true nature of reality.
Non-Self and Sunyata are messages; there’s nothing to grasp. Such an awakening tells us to cease grasping for an answer, for certainty, because that’s where suffering arises.
Closing
In Buddhism Non-Self or Emptiness (Śūnyatā) is the key, the path liberation from suffering.
All things, phenomena, and objects are empty of a fixed, enduring self-nature. Sunyata says there is no essence, defining feature, or elements that make things what they are. Existence is an interconnected process of change.
To reduce suffering is to recognise there’s nothing to attain, to grasp; instead. Sunyata reminds us life will always be a mystery. To grasp for a concrete understanding of life is to walk on the path of suffering. To let go of knowing how it all works and why we are here is to be liberated from suffering.
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